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211 lines
7.1 KiB
Markdown
211 lines
7.1 KiB
Markdown
# Ziglings
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Welcome to Ziglings! This project contains a series of tiny broken programs (and one nasty surprise).
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By fixing them, you'll learn how to read and write [Zig](https://ziglang.org/) code.
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Those broken programs need your help! (You'll also save the planet from
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evil aliens and help some friendly elephants stick together, which is very
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sweet of you.)
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This project was directly inspired by the brilliant and fun
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[rustlings](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings)
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project for the [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) language.
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Indirect inspiration comes from [Ruby Koans](http://rubykoans.com/)
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and the Little LISPer/Little Schemer series of books.
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## Intended Audience
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This will probably be difficult if you've _never_ programmed before.
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But no specific programming experience is required. And in particular,
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you are _not_ expected to have any prior experience with "systems programming"
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or a "systems" level language such as C.
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Each exercise is self-contained and self-explained. However, you're encouraged
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to also check out these Zig language resources for more detail:
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* https://ziglang.org/learn/
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* https://ziglearn.org/
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* https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/
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Also, the [Zig community](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/wiki/Community) is incredibly friendly and helpful!
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## Getting Started
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Install a [development build](https://ziglang.org/download/) of the Zig compiler.
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(See the "master" section of the downloads page.)
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Verify the installation and build number of `zig` like so:
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```
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$ zig version
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0.11.0-dev.2560+xxxxxxxxx
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```
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Clone this repository with Git:
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```
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$ git clone https://github.com/ratfactor/ziglings
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$ cd ziglings
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```
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Then run `zig build` and follow the instructions to begin!
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```
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$ zig build
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```
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## A Note About Versions
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The Zig language is under very active development. In order to be current,
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Ziglings tracks **development** builds of the Zig compiler rather than
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versioned **release** builds. The last stable release was `0.10.1`, but Ziglings
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needs a dev build with pre-release version "0.11.0" and a build number at least
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as high as that shown in the example version check above.
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It is likely that you'll download a build which is _greater_ than the minimum.
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_(For those who cannot easily update Zig, there are also community-supported
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branches in this repo. At the moment, there's one for v0.8.1. Older version
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branches may or may not have all exercises and/or bugfixes.)_
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Once you have a build of the Zig compiler that works with Ziglings, they'll
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continue to work together. But keep in mind that if you update one, you may
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need to also update the other.
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Also note that the current "stage 1" Zig compiler is very strict
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about input:
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[no tab characters or Windows CR/LF newlines are allowed](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/544).
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### Version Changes
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Version-0.11.0-dev.2560+602029bb2
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* *2023-04-07* zig 0.11.0-dev.2401 - fixes of the new build system - see [#212](https://github.com/ratfactor/ziglings/pull/212)
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* *2023-02-21* zig 0.11.0-dev.2157 - changes in `build system` - new: parallel processing of the build steps
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* *2023-02-21* zig 0.11.0-dev.1711 - changes in `for loops` - new: Multi-Object For-Loops + Struct-of-Arrays
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* *2023-02-12* zig 0.11.0-dev.1638 - changes in `std.Build` cache_root now returns a directory struct
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* *2023-02-04* zig 0.11.0-dev.1568 - changes in `std.Build` (combine `std.build` and `std.build.Builder` into `std.Build`)
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* *2023-01-14* zig 0.11.0-dev.1302 - changes in `@addWithOverflow` (now returns a tuple) and `@typeInfo`; temporary disabled async functionality
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* *2022-09-09* zig 0.10.0-dev.3978 - change in `NativeTargetInfo.detect` in build
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* *2022-09-06* zig 0.10.0-dev.3880 - Ex 074 correctly fails again: comptime array len
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* *2022-08-29* zig 0.10.0-dev.3685 - `@typeName()` output change, stage1 req. for async
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* *2022-07-31* zig 0.10.0-dev.3385 - std lib string `fmt()` option changes
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* *2022-03-19* zig 0.10.0-dev.1427 - method for getting sentinel of type changed
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* *2021-12-20* zig 0.9.0-dev.2025 - `c_void` is now `anyopaque`
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* *2021-06-14* zig 0.9.0-dev.137 - std.build.Id `.Custom` is now `.custom`
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* *2021-04-21* zig 0.8.0-dev.1983 - std.fmt.format() `any` format string required
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* *2021-02-12* zig 0.8.0-dev.1065 - std.fmt.format() `s` (string) format string required
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## Advanced Usage
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It can be handy to check just a single exercise or _start_ from a single
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exercise:
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```
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zig build -Dn=19
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zig build -Dn=19 start
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```
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You can also run without checking for correctness:
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```
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zig build -Dn=19 test
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```
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Or skip the build system entirely and interact directly with the compiler
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if you're into that sort of thing:
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```
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zig run exercises/001_hello.zig
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```
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Calling all wizards: To prepare an executable for debugging, install it
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to zig-cache/bin with:
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```
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zig build -Dn=19 install
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```
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To get a list of all possible options, run:
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```
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zig build -Dn=19 -l
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install Install 019_functions2.zig to prefix path
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uninstall Uninstall 019_functions2.zig from prefix path
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test Run 019_functions2.zig without checking output
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...
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```
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## What's Covered
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The primary goal for Ziglings is to cover the core Zig language.
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It would be nice to cover the Standard Library as well, but this
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is currently challenging because the stdlib is evolving even
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faster than the core language (and that's saying something!).
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Not only would stdlib coverage change very rapidly, some exercises might even cease to be relevant entirely.
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Having said that, there are some stdlib features that are probably here
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to stay or are so important to understand that they are worth the
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extra effort to keep current.
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Conspicuously absent from Ziglings are a lot of string
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manipulation exercises. This is because Zig itself largely avoids
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dealing with strings. Hopefully there will be an obvious way to
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address this in the future. The Ziglings crew loves strings!
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Zig Core Language
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* [x] Hello world (main needs to be public)
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* [x] Importing standard library
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* [x] Assignment
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* [x] Arrays
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* [x] Strings
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* [x] If
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* [x] While
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* [x] For
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* [x] Functions
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* [x] Errors (error/try/catch/if-else-err)
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* [x] Defer (and errdefer)
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* [x] Switch
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* [x] Unreachable
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* [x] Enums
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* [x] Structs
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* [x] Pointers
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* [x] Optionals
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* [x] Struct methods
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* [x] Slices
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* [x] Many-item pointers
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* [x] Unions
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* [x] Numeric types (integers, floats)
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* [x] Labelled blocks and loops
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* [x] Loops as expressions
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* [x] Builtins
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* [x] Inline loops
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* [x] Comptime
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* [x] Sentinel termination
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* [x] Quoted identifiers @""
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* [x] Anonymous structs/tuples/lists
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* [ ] Async <--- ironically awaiting upstream Zig updates
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* [X] Interfaces
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* [X] Bit manipulation
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* [X] Working with C
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Zig Standard Library
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* [X] String formatting
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## Contributing
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Contributions are very welcome! I'm writing this to teach myself and to create
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the learning resource I wished for. There will be tons of room for improvement:
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* Wording of explanations
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* Idiomatic usage of Zig
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* Additional exercises
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Please see [CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/ratfactor/ziglings/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md) in this repo for the full details.
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