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253 lines
9.3 KiB
Markdown
253 lines
9.3 KiB
Markdown
# Ziglings
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Welcome to Ziglings! This project contains a series of tiny
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broken programs (and one nasty surprise). By fixing them, you'll
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learn how to read and write [Zig](https://ziglang.org/) code.
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Those broken programs need your help! (You'll also save the
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planet from evil aliens and help some friendly elephants stick
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together, which is very sweet of you.)
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This project was initiated by [Dave Gauer](https://ratfactor.com/) and is directly inspired
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by the brilliant and fun [rustlings](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings) project.
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Indirect inspiration comes from [Ruby Koans](http://rubykoans.com/) and the Little LISPer/Little
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Schemer series of books.
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## Intended Audience
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This will probably be difficult if you've _never_ programmed
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before. But no specific programming experience is required. And
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in particular, you are _not_ expected to have any prior
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experience with "systems programming" or a "systems" level
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language such as C.
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Each exercise is self-contained and self-explained. However,
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you're encouraged to also check out these Zig language resources
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for more detail:
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* https://ziglang.org/learn/
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* https://ziglearn.org/
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* https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/
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* [Zig in Depth! (video series)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMtvGA1YhW4&list=PLtB7CL7EG7pCw7Xy1SQC53Gl8pI7aDg9t&pp=iAQB)
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Also, the [Zig community](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/wiki/Community)
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is incredibly friendly and helpful!
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## Getting Started
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Install a [development build](https://ziglang.org/download/) of
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the Zig compiler. (See the "master" section of the downloads
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page.)
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Verify the installation and build number of `zig` like so:
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```
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$ zig version
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0.14.0-dev.xxxx+xxxxxxxxx
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```
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Clone this repository with Git:
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```
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$ git clone https://ziglings.org
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$ cd ziglings.org
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```
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Then run `zig build` and follow the instructions to begin!
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```
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$ zig build
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```
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Note: The output of Ziglings is the unaltered output from the Zig
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compiler. Part of the purpose of Ziglings is to acclimate you to
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reading these.
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## A Note About Versions
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**Hint:** To check out Ziglings for a stable release of Zig, you can use
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the appropriate tag.
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The Zig language is under very active development. In order to be
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current, Ziglings tracks **development** builds of the Zig
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compiler rather than versioned **release** builds. The last
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stable release was `0.13.0`, but Ziglings needs a dev build with
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pre-release version "0.14.0" and a build number at least as high
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as that shown in the example version check above.
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It is likely that you'll download a build which is _greater_ than
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the minimum.
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Once you have a build of the Zig compiler that works with
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Ziglings, they'll continue to work together. But keep in mind
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that if you update one, you may need to also update the other.
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### Version Changes
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Version-0.14.0-dev.1573
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* *2024-09-16* zig 0.14.0-dev.1573 - introduction of labeled switch, see [#21257](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/21257)
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* *2024-09-02* zig 0.14.0-dev.1409 - several changes in std.builtin, see [#21225](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/21225)
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* *2024-08-04* zig 0.14.0-dev.1224 - several changes in build system, see [#21115](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/21115)
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* *2024-08-04* zig 0.14.0-dev.839 - several changes in build system, see [#20580](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/20580), [#20600](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/20600)
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* *2024-06-17* zig 0.14.0-dev.42 - changes in `std.mem.split and tokenize` - see [#15579](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/15579)
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* *2024-05-29* zig 0.13.0-dev.339 - rework std.Progress - see [#20059](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/20059)
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* *2024-03-21* zig 0.12.0-dev.3518 - change to @fieldParentPtr - see [#19470](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/19470)
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* *2024-03-21* zig 0.12.0-dev.3397 - rename std.os to std.posix - see [#5019](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/5019)
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* *2024-03-14* zig 0.12.0-dev.3302 - changes in `std.fmt` - floating-point formatting implementation - see [#19229](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/19229)
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* *2024-02-05* zig 0.12.0-dev.2618 - changes in `build system` - from `Step.zig_exe` to `Step.graph.zig_exe` - see [#18778](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/18778)
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* *2024-01-05* zig 0.12.0-dev.2043 - rename of `std.Build.FileSource` to `std.Build.LazyPath` - see [#16353](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/16353)
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* *2023-10-24* zig 0.12.0-dev.1243 - changes in `std.ChildProcess`: renamed exec to run - see [#5853](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/5853)
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* *2023-06-26* zig 0.11.0-dev.4246 - changes in compile step (now it can be null)
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* *2023-06-26* zig 0.11.0-dev.3853 - removal of destination type from all cast builtins
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* *2023-06-20* zig 0.11.0-dev.3747 - `@enumToInt` is now `@intFromEnum` and `@intToFloat` is now `@floatFromInt`
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* *2023-05-25* zig 0.11.0-dev.3295 - `std.debug.TTY` is now `std.io.tty`
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* *2023-04-30* zig 0.11.0-dev.2704 - use of the new `std.Build.ExecutableOptions.link_libc` field
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* *2023-04-12* zig 0.11.0-dev.2560 - changes in `std.Build` - remove run() and install()
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* *2023-04-07* zig 0.11.0-dev.2401 - fixes of the new build system - see [#212](https://github.com/ratfactor/ziglings/pull/212)
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* *2023-02-21* zig 0.11.0-dev.2157 - changes in `build system` - new: parallel processing of the build steps
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* *2023-02-21* zig 0.11.0-dev.1711 - changes in `for loops` - new: Multi-Object For-Loops + Struct-of-Arrays
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* *2023-02-12* zig 0.11.0-dev.1638 - changes in `std.Build` cache_root now returns a directory struct
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* *2023-02-04* zig 0.11.0-dev.1568 - changes in `std.Build` (combine `std.build` and `std.build.Builder` into `std.Build`)
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* *2023-01-14* zig 0.11.0-dev.1302 - changes in `@addWithOverflow` (now returns a tuple) and `@typeInfo`; temporary disabled async functionality
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* *2022-09-09* zig 0.10.0-dev.3978 - change in `NativeTargetInfo.detect` in build
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* *2022-09-06* zig 0.10.0-dev.3880 - Ex 074 correctly fails again: comptime array len
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* *2022-08-29* zig 0.10.0-dev.3685 - `@typeName()` output change, stage1 req. for async
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* *2022-07-31* zig 0.10.0-dev.3385 - std lib string `fmt()` option changes
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* *2022-03-19* zig 0.10.0-dev.1427 - method for getting sentinel of type changed
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* *2021-12-20* zig 0.9.0-dev.2025 - `c_void` is now `anyopaque`
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* *2021-06-14* zig 0.9.0-dev.137 - std.build.Id `.Custom` is now `.custom`
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* *2021-04-21* zig 0.8.0-dev.1983 - std.fmt.format() `any` format string required
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* *2021-02-12* zig 0.8.0-dev.1065 - std.fmt.format() `s` (string) format string required
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## Advanced Usage
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It can be handy to check just a single exercise:
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```
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zig build -Dn=19
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```
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Or run all exercises, starting from a specific one:
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```
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zig build -Ds=27
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```
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Or let Ziglings pick an exercise for you:
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```
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zig build -Drandom
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```
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You can also run without checking for correctness:
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```
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zig build -Dn=19 test
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```
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Or skip the build system entirely and interact directly with the
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compiler if you're into that sort of thing:
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```
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zig run exercises/001_hello.zig
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```
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Calling all wizards: To prepare an executable for debugging,
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install it to zig-cache/bin with:
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```
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zig build -Dn=19 install
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```
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To get a list of all possible options, run:
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```
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zig build -Dn=19 -l
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install Install 019_functions2.zig to prefix path
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uninstall Uninstall 019_functions2.zig from prefix path
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test Run 019_functions2.zig without checking output
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...
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```
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## What's Covered
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The primary goal for Ziglings is to cover the core Zig language.
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It would be nice to cover the Standard Library as well, but this
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is currently challenging because the stdlib is evolving even
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faster than the core language (and that's saying something!).
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Not only would stdlib coverage change very rapidly, some
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exercises might even cease to be relevant entirely.
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Having said that, there are some stdlib features that are
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probably here to stay or are so important to understand that they
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are worth the extra effort to keep current.
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Conspicuously absent from Ziglings are a lot of string
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manipulation exercises. This is because Zig itself largely avoids
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dealing with strings. Hopefully there will be an obvious way to
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address this in the future. The Ziglings crew loves strings!
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Zig Core Language
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* [x] Hello world (main needs to be public)
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* [x] Importing standard library
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* [x] Assignment
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* [x] Arrays
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* [x] Strings
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* [x] If
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* [x] While
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* [x] For
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* [x] Functions
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* [x] Errors (error/try/catch/if-else-err)
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* [x] Defer (and errdefer)
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* [x] Switch
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* [x] Unreachable
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* [x] Enums
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* [x] Structs
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* [x] Pointers
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* [x] Optionals
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* [x] Struct methods
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* [x] Slices
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* [x] Many-item pointers
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* [x] Unions
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* [x] Numeric types (integers, floats)
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* [x] Labelled blocks and loops
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* [x] Loops as expressions
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* [x] Builtins
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* [x] Inline loops
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* [x] Comptime
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* [x] Sentinel termination
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* [x] Quoted identifiers @""
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* [x] Anonymous structs/tuples/lists
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* [ ] Async <--- ironically awaiting upstream Zig updates
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* [X] Interfaces
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* [X] Bit manipulation
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* [X] Working with C
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* [X] Threading
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* [x] Labeled switch
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* [x] Vector operations (SIMD)
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Zig Standard Library
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* [X] String formatting
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* [X] Testing
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* [X] Tokenization
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* [X] File handling
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## Contributing
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Contributions are very welcome! I'm writing this to teach myself
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and to create the learning resource I wished for. There will be
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tons of room for improvement:
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* Wording of explanations
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* Idiomatic usage of Zig
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* Additional exercises
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Please see [CONTRIBUTING](https://codeberg.org/ziglings/exercises/src/branch/main/CONTRIBUTING.md)
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in this repo for the full details.
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