Merge e59c65cf45 into 26cf4989a2

Fix argument comment in test of if2.rs

Cargo.lock

@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.93"
+version = "1.0.94"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c95c10ba0b00a02636238b814946408b1322d5ac4760326e6fb8ec956d85775"
+checksum = "c1fd03a028ef38ba2276dce7e33fcd6369c158a1bca17946c4b1b701891c1ff7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.20"
+version = "4.5.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b97f376d85a664d5837dbae44bf546e6477a679ff6610010f17276f686d867e8"
+checksum = "3135e7ec2ef7b10c6ed8950f0f792ed96ee093fa088608f1c76e569722700c84"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.20"
+version = "4.5.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19bc80abd44e4bed93ca373a0704ccbd1b710dc5749406201bb018272808dc54"
+checksum = "30582fc632330df2bd26877bde0c1f4470d57c582bbc070376afcd04d8cb4838"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1462739cb27611015575c0c11df5df7601141071f07518d56fcc1be504cbec97"
+checksum = "f46ad14479a25103f283c0f10005961cf086d8dc42205bb44c46ac563475dca6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
@@ -160,19 +160,19 @@ checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.9"
+version = "0.3.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "534c5cf6194dfab3db3242765c03bbe257cf92f22b38f6bc0c58d59108a820ba"
+checksum = "33d852cb9b869c2a9b3df2f71a3074817f01e1844f839a144f5fcef059a4eb5d"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.2.0"
+version = "2.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "486f806e73c5707928240ddc295403b1b93c96a02038563881c4a2fd84b81ac4"
+checksum = "37909eebbb50d72f9059c3b6d82c0463f2ff062c9e95845c43a6c9c0355411be"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "filetime"
@@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.1"
+version = "0.15.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3a9bfc1af68b1726ea47d3d5109de126281def866b33970e10fbab11b5dafab3"
+checksum = "bf151400ff0baff5465007dd2f3e717f3fe502074ca563069ce3a6629d07b289"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
@@ -207,17 +207,11 @@ version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.3.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d231dfb89cfffdbc30e7fc41579ed6066ad03abda9e567ccafae602b97ec5024"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "707907fe3c25f5424cce2cb7e1cbcafee6bdbe735ca90ef77c29e84591e5b9da"
+checksum = "62f822373a4fe84d4bb149bf54e584a7f4abec90e072ed49cda0edea5b95471f"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
  "hashbrown",
@@ -260,9 +254,9 @@ checksum = "7943c866cc5cd64cbc25b2e01621d07fa8eb2a1a23160ee81ce38704e97b8ecf"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.11"
+version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "49f1f14873335454500d59611f1cf4a4b0f786f9ac11f4312a78e4cf2566695b"
+checksum = "d75a2a4b1b190afb6f5425f10f6a8f959d2ea0b9c2b1d79553551850539e4674"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "kqueue"
@@ -286,9 +280,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.162"
+version = "0.2.168"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "18d287de67fe55fd7e1581fe933d965a5a9477b38e949cfa9f8574ef01506398"
+checksum = "5aaeb2981e0606ca11d79718f8bb01164f1d6ed75080182d3abf017e6d244b6d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libredox"
@@ -331,11 +325,10 @@ checksum = "78ca9ab1a0babb1e7d5695e3530886289c18cf2f87ec19a575a0abdce112e3a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mio"
-version = "1.0.2"
+version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "80e04d1dcff3aae0704555fe5fee3bcfaf3d1fdf8a7e521d5b9d2b42acb52cec"
+checksum = "2886843bf800fba2e3377cff24abf6379b4c4d5c6681eaf9ea5b0d15090450bd"
 dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi",
  "libc",
  "log",
  "wasi",
@@ -411,9 +404,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.89"
+version = "1.0.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f139b0662de085916d1fb67d2b4169d1addddda1919e696f3252b740b629986e"
+checksum = "37d3544b3f2748c54e147655edb5025752e2303145b5aefb3c3ea2c78b973bb0"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -438,15 +431,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.40"
+version = "0.38.42"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "99e4ea3e1cdc4b559b8e5650f9c8e5998e3e5c1343b4eaf034565f32318d63c0"
+checksum = "f93dc38ecbab2eb790ff964bb77fa94faf256fd3e73285fd7ba0903b76bedb85"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -498,18 +491,18 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.215"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f55c3193aca71c12ad7890f1785d2b73e1b9f63a0bbc353c08ef26fe03fc56b5"
+checksum = "6513c1ad0b11a9376da888e3e0baa0077f1aed55c17f50e7b2397136129fb88f"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.215"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "de523f781f095e28fa605cdce0f8307e451cc0fd14e2eb4cd2e98a355b147766"
+checksum = "ad1e866f866923f252f05c889987993144fb74e722403468a4ebd70c3cd756c0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -518,9 +511,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.132"
+version = "1.0.133"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d726bfaff4b320266d395898905d0eba0345aae23b54aee3a737e260fd46db03"
+checksum = "c7fceb2473b9166b2294ef05efcb65a3db80803f0b03ef86a5fc88a2b85ee377"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -581,9 +574,9 @@ checksum = "7da8b5736845d9f2fcb837ea5d9e2628564b3b043a70948a3f0b778838c5fb4f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.87"
+version = "2.0.90"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25aa4ce346d03a6dcd68dd8b4010bcb74e54e62c90c573f394c46eae99aba32d"
+checksum = "919d3b74a5dd0ccd15aeb8f93e7006bd9e14c295087c9896a110f490752bcf31"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -627,9 +620,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.13"
+version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e91b56cd4cadaeb79bbf1a5645f6b4f8dc5bde8834ad5894a8db35fda9efa1fe"
+checksum = "adb9e6ca4f869e1180728b7950e35922a7fc6397f7b641499e8f3ef06e50dc83"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "utf8parse"

Cargo.toml

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ edition = "2021" # On Update: Update the edition of the `rustfmt` command that c
 rust-version = "1.80"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-serde = { version = "1.0.214", features = ["derive"] }
+serde = { version = "1.0.215", features = ["derive"] }
 toml_edit = { version = "0.22.22", default-features = false, features = ["parse", "serde"] }
 
 [package]
@@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ include = [
 ]
 
 [dependencies]
-anyhow = "1.0.93"
+anyhow = "1.0.94"
-clap = { version = "4.5.20", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "4.5.23", features = ["derive"] }
 crossterm = { version = "0.28.1", default-features = false, features = ["windows", "events"] }
 notify = "7.0.0"
 os_pipe = "1.2.1"
 rustlings-macros = { path = "rustlings-macros", version = "=6.4.0" }
-serde_json = "1.0.132"
+serde_json = "1.0.133"
 serde.workspace = true
 toml_edit.workspace = true
 
 [target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
-rustix = { version = "0.38.38", default-features = false, features = ["std", "stdio", "termios"] }
+rustix = { version = "0.38.42", default-features = false, features = ["std", "stdio", "termios"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = "3.14.0"

dev/Cargo.toml

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ bin = [
   { name = "functions4_sol", path = "../solutions/02_functions/functions4.rs" },
   { name = "functions5", path = "../exercises/02_functions/functions5.rs" },
   { name = "functions5_sol", path = "../solutions/02_functions/functions5.rs" },
+  { name = "functions6", path = "../exercises/02_functions/functions6.rs" },
+  { name = "functions6_sol", path = "../solutions/02_functions/functions6.rs" },
   { name = "if1", path = "../exercises/03_if/if1.rs" },
   { name = "if1_sol", path = "../solutions/03_if/if1.rs" },
   { name = "if2", path = "../exercises/03_if/if2.rs" },
@@ -60,6 +62,8 @@ bin = [
   { name = "move_semantics4_sol", path = "../solutions/06_move_semantics/move_semantics4.rs" },
   { name = "move_semantics5", path = "../exercises/06_move_semantics/move_semantics5.rs" },
   { name = "move_semantics5_sol", path = "../solutions/06_move_semantics/move_semantics5.rs" },
+  { name = "move_semantics6", path = "../exercises/06_move_semantics/move_semantics6.rs" },
+  { name = "move_semantics6_sol", path = "../solutions/06_move_semantics/move_semantics6.rs" },
   { name = "structs1", path = "../exercises/07_structs/structs1.rs" },
   { name = "structs1_sol", path = "../solutions/07_structs/structs1.rs" },
   { name = "structs2", path = "../exercises/07_structs/structs2.rs" },

exercises/02_functions/README.md

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # Functions
 
 Here, you'll learn how to write functions and how the Rust compiler can help you debug errors even
-in more complex code.
+in more complex code. You will also learn what is the difference with closures.
 
 ## Further information
 
 - [How Functions Work](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.html)
+- [Closures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-01-closures.html)

exercises/02_functions/functions6.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// functions6.rs
+//
+// Here you can practice special functions called `closures`, that can capture
+// variables of their parent context.
+// Fix the code below to make it compile, without changing the two closure
+// definitions.
+//
+// Execute `rustlings hint functions6` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for
+// some hints.
+
+fn main() {
+  // TODO: ensure the definition of captured variable
+  let closure_1 = |input_var: u32| -> u32 {input_var + outer_var};
+  println!("Closure#1 returns {}", closure_1(5));
+
+  let closure_2 = |input_var| println!("Closure#2 (input_var {})", input_var);
+  closure_2(2);
+  closure_2("5"); // TODO: look at the captured variable type here
+}

exercises/03_if/if2.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn yummy_food() {
-        // This means that calling `picky_eater` with the argument "food" should return "Yummy!".
+        // This means that calling `picky_eater` with the argument "strawberry" should return "Yummy!".
         assert_eq!(picky_eater("strawberry"), "Yummy!");
     }
 

exercises/06_move_semantics/move_semantics6.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// move_semantics6.rs
+//
+// Here you will practice how mutable/immutable borrowing works in the context
+// of a closure.
+//
+// Try to fix this code to make it compile and not panic.
+// You can't change anything except removing 1 line.
+//
+// Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics7` or use the `hint` watch subcommand
+// for a hint.
+
+fn main() {
+  let mut counter = 0;
+
+  let mut increment = || {
+    counter += 1;
+    println!("counter equals {}", counter);
+  };
+
+  increment();
+  let _reborrowed_counter = &counter; // TODO: figure out where to put this borrowing instruction
+  increment();
+
+  assert_eq!(counter, 2);
+}

exercises/README.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 | Exercise               | Book Chapter        |
 | ---------------------- | ------------------- |
 | variables              | §3.1                |
-| functions              | §3.3                |
+| functions              | §3.3, §13.1         |
 | if                     | §3.5                |
 | primitive_types        | §3.2, §4.3          |
 | vecs                   | §8.1                |

rustlings-macros/info.toml

@@ -187,6 +187,20 @@ There are two solutions:
 1. Add the `return` keyword before `num * num;`
 2. Remove the semicolon `;` after `num * num`"""
 
+[[exercises]]
+name = "functions6"
+dir = "02_functions"
+test = false
+hint = """
+Hint FIX #1: Closures can capture variables defined in the outer context.
+
+Hint FIX #2: Closures can infer both input and returned types, when they are not
+specified in the signature. But the closure cannot be reused with different
+input types.
+
+Read more about closures in the rust book dedicated section:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-01-closures.html"""
+
 # IF
 
 [[exercises]]
@@ -391,6 +405,18 @@ The first problem is that `get_char` is taking ownership of the string. So
 Once you've fixed that, `string_uppercase`'s function signature will also need
 to be adjusted."""
 
+[[exercises]]
+name = "move_semantics6"
+dir = "06_move_semantics"
+test = false
+hint = """
+When a closure captures a variable to modify it, it actually borrows that variable
+as a mutable reference. In this exercise, the closure mutably borrows the `counter`
+variable, thus, any attempt to borrow `counter` between closure calls leads to an error.
+
+You cannot immutably borrow a variable if a mutable closure is
+called later in the scope."""
+
 # STRUCTS
 
 [[exercises]]

solutions/02_functions/functions6.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+fn main() {
+    let outer_var = 1;
+    let closure_1 = |input_var: u32| -> u32 { input_var + outer_var };
+    println!("Closure#1 returns {}", closure_1(5));
+
+    let closure_2 = |input_var| println!("Closure#2 (input_var {})", input_var);
+    closure_2(2);
+    closure_2(5);
+}

solutions/06_move_semantics/move_semantics6.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+fn main() {
+    let mut counter = 0;
+
+    let mut increment = || {
+        counter += 1;
+        println!("counter equals {}", counter);
+    };
+
+    increment();
+    increment();
+    let _reborrowed_counter = &counter;
+
+    assert_eq!(counter, 2);
+}