ZealOS/src/Demo/Lectures/MiniCompiler.CC

/*$WW,1$
$TR-C,"Main Compiler"$
$ID,2$The mini compiler is like the main compiler, except the main compiler's lexical analyser removes comments and does preprocessing.  $LK,"Lex",A="MN:Lex"$(),$LK,"Echo",A="MN:Echo"$(ON).

The main compiler generates $LK,"Intermediate Code",A="FF:::/Compiler/CompilerA.HH,IC_END"$ at the parser stage.  See $LK,"ParseExpression",A="MN:ParseExpression"$(), $LK,"ParseStatement",A="MN:ParseStatement"$().

The main compiler optimizes   See $LK,"Intermediate Code Attributes",A="MN:intermediate_code_table"$, $LK,"Combining Consts",A="FF:::/Compiler/OptPass012.CC,case IC_MUL"$, $LK,"Choosing Reg Vars",A="FF:::/Compiler/OptPass3.CC,cmp.num_reg_vars"$.  Use $LK,"PassTrace",A="MN:PassTrace"$() to see the optimization stages.

The main compiler makes machine code in the back end.  See $LK,"IC Struct",A="MN:CIntermediateCode"$, $LK,"COCCompile",A="MN:COCCompile"$ and $LK,"OptPass789A",A="FF:::/Compiler/OptPass789A.CC,IC_MUL"$(), $LK,"BackEnd",A="FF:::/Compiler/BackA.CC,ICMul"$.  Set $LK,"Trace",A="MN:Trace"$(ON) to see the output of the backend.
$ID,-2$
$TR-C,"Mini Compiler"$
$ID,2$For this mini compiler, some things you should know about 64-bit asm:

* Putting a 0x48, known as the REX byte, in front of an inst makes it 64-bit size.

* "PUSH EAX", "POP EAX" and "XOR EAX,EAX" will behave as 64-bit even without REX because the stack is always 64 bit and because the XOR clears the upper 32-bits.

It is okay in ZenithOS to change RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, R8 and R9 without restoring them to their original values.
$ID,-2$$WW,0$*/

#define TK_EOF					0
#define TK_NUM					1
#define TK_OP 					2
#define TK_LEFT 				3
#define TK_RIGHT				4

#define OP_MUL					1
#define OP_DIV					2
#define OP_ADD					3
#define OP_SUB					4

I64 Lex(U8 **_src,I64 *num)
{//See $LK,"Lex",A="MN:Lex"$().
	U8 *src=*_src;
	I64 i;
	while (TRUE) {
		switch (*src) {
			case 0:
			case ';':
				*_src=src;
				return TK_EOF;
			case CH_SPACE:
			case '\r':
			case '\n':
				src++;
				break;
			case '0'...'9':
				i=0;
				do {
					i=i*10+*src-'0';
					src++;
				} while ('0'<=*src<='9');
				*num=i;
				*_src=src;
				return TK_NUM;
			case '*':
				*num=OP_MUL;
				*_src=src+1;
				return TK_OP;
			case '/':
				*num=OP_DIV;
				*_src=src+1;
				return TK_OP;
			case '+':
				*num=OP_ADD;
				*_src=src+1;
				return TK_OP;
			case '-':
				*num=OP_SUB;
				*_src=src+1;
				return TK_OP;
			case '(':
				*_src=src+1;
				return TK_LEFT;
			case ')':
				*_src=src+1;
				return TK_RIGHT;
			default:
				throw;
		}
	}
}

#define PREC_EOF				0
#define PREC_TERM 			1
#define PREC_MUL				2
#define PREC_ADD				3
#define PREC_PAREN			4

extern I64 Parse(U8 **_src,U8 **_dst);

U0 ParseTerm(U8 **_src,U8 **_dst,I64 prec)
{//See $LK,"ParseExpression",A="MN:ParseExpression"$().
	I64 i;
	U8 *src2;
	U8 *dst2;
	if (Parse(_src,_dst)==PREC_TERM) {
		src2=*_src;
		dst2=*_dst;
		while (TRUE) {
//This is inefficient.  The main compiler doesn't back-up like this.
			i=Parse(&src2,&dst2);
			if (PREC_MUL<=i<prec) {
				*_src=src2;
				*_dst=dst2;
			} else
				break;
		}
	} else
		throw;
}

I64 Parse(U8 **_src,U8 **_dst)
{//See $LK,"ParseExpression",A="MN:ParseExpression"$().
//See $LK,"Opcode Formats",A="FF:::/Compiler/OpCodes.DD,IDIV"$ for details on asm insts.
	I64 i;
	U8 *dst=*_dst;
	switch (Lex(_src,&i)) {
		case TK_EOF:
			*dst++=0x58; //POP RAX
			*dst++=0xC3; //RET
			*_dst=dst;
			return PREC_EOF;
		case TK_NUM:
			*dst++=0x48; //REX
			*dst++=0xB8; //MOV RAX,immediate num
			*dst(I64 *)++=i;

			*dst++=0x50; //PUSH RAX
			*_dst=dst;
			return PREC_TERM;
		case TK_LEFT:
			ParseTerm(_src,_dst,PREC_PAREN);
			if (Parse(_src,_dst)!=PREC_PAREN)
				throw;
			return PREC_TERM;
		case TK_RIGHT:
			return PREC_PAREN;
		case TK_OP:
			switch (i) {
				case OP_MUL:
					ParseTerm(_src,&dst,PREC_MUL);
					*dst++=0x5A; //POP RDX
					*dst++=0x58; //POP RAX

					*dst++=0x48; //REX
					*dst++=0x0F;
					*dst++=0xAF; //IMUL RAX,RDX
					*dst++=0xC2;

					*dst++=0x50; //PUSH RAX
					*_dst=dst;
					return PREC_MUL;
				case OP_DIV:
					ParseTerm(_src,&dst,PREC_MUL);
					*dst++=0x5B; //POP RBX
					*dst++=0x58; //POP RAX

					*dst++=0x33; //XOR RDX,RDX
					*dst++=0xD2;

					*dst++=0x48; //REX
					*dst++=0xF7; //IDIV RBX
					*dst++=0xFB;

					*dst++=0x50; //PUSH RAX
					*_dst=dst;
					return PREC_MUL;
				case OP_ADD:
					ParseTerm(_src,&dst,PREC_ADD);
					*dst++=0x5A; //POP RDX
					*dst++=0x58; //POP RAX

					*dst++=0x48; //REX
					*dst++=0x03; //ADD RAX,RDX
					*dst++=0xC2;

					*dst++=0x50; //PUSH RAX
					*_dst=dst;
					return PREC_ADD;
				case OP_SUB:
					ParseTerm(_src,&dst,PREC_ADD);
					*dst++=0x5A; //POP RDX
					*dst++=0x58; //POP RAX

					*dst++=0x48; //REX
					*dst++=0x2B; //SUB RAX,RDX
					*dst++=0xC2;

					*dst++=0x50; //PUSH RAX
					*_dst=dst;
					return PREC_ADD;
			}
	}
}

U0 Main()
{
	U8 *src,*src2,*code,*dst;

	//Fixed size, no buffer overrun check.
	//You can make it fancier if you like.
	code=MAlloc(512,Fs->code_heap);

	while (TRUE) {
		"This will compile an expression\n"
					"consisting of ints, parentheses\n"
					"and the operators +,-,* and /.\n";
		src=StrGet;
		if (*src) {
			src2=src;
			dst=code;
			try {
				ParseTerm(&src2,&dst,PREC_PAREN);
				if (Parse(&src2,&dst)!=PREC_EOF)
					throw;
				"$$RED$$This code is not efficient, but the compiler is simple.$$FG$$\n";
				Un(code,dst-code); //Unassemble the code we created.
//$LK,"Call",A="MN:Call"$() is a function.  See $LK,"_CALL",A="FF:::/Kernel/KUtils.CC,_CALL"$::
				//See also $LK,"CallInd",A="MN:CallInd"$().  See $LK,"_CALL_IND",A="FF:::/Kernel/KUtils.CC,_CALL_IND"$::
				"$$LTBLUE$$Answer:%d$$FG$$\n",Call(code);
			} catch {
				"$$RED$$Error$$FG$$\n";
				PutExcept;
			}
			Free(src);
		} else {
			Free(src);
			break;
		}
	}
	Free(code);
}

Main;